Babban kuskuren da ya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da rikice-rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya

Kimanin shekara 112 da suka gabata, ɓatan hanyar da wani jagoran tafiya a wani ayari ne ya yi ne ya haifar da wani harin ta'addanci da ya kai ga rikicin ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda daga baya ya rikiɗe zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Farko.

Yaƙin ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan mutum miliyan 20, tare da rushe dauloli da dama, sannan ya share fagen kafa sabbin ƙasashe a sassa daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.

An shafe sama da shekaru huɗu ana gwabza yaƙin Duniya na Farko. A tsawon wannan lokaci, an sha yaƙe-yaƙe, an ƙulla yarjejeniyoyin diflomasiyya da dama.

Fahimtar yadda waɗannan abubuwa suka faru zai taimaka wajen gane dalilan da suka haifar da tsarin siyasar da ake tafiya a kai yanzu da yadda aka samar da iyakokin ƙasashen da ake gani a duniya a yau, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya

Kisan Yarima Franz Ferdinand

A watan Yunin 1914, Yarima Franz Ferdinand, magajin Daular Austro-Hungary (Habsburg), ya kai ziyara tare da matarsa, Gimbiya Sophia, zuwa Sarajevo, babban birnin Bosnia.

A lokacin ziyarar, wasu masu kishin ƙasar Bosnia 'yan ƙabilar Serb, waɗanda ke son a haɗe Bosnia da Serbia, sun yi ƙoƙarin kashe shi. Sai dai harin na farko bai yi nasara ba, ko da yake wasu daga cikin mutanen da ke tare da yariman sun jikkata.

Masanin tarihi Christopher Clarke ya bayyana a littafinsa (Sleepwalkers...How War Began in Europe in 1914) cewa bayan Yariman ya gabatar da jawabi, ya yanke shawarar ziyartar waɗanda suka jikkata a asibiti, sannan ya fasa ci gaba da sauran ziyararorinsa.

Sai dai direbobin jerin gwanon motocin da ke rakiyarsa ba su san an sauya shirin tafiyar ba. Hakan ya sa motar da ke gaba ta bi wata hanya daban, yayin da motar da Yariman da matarsa da gwamnan Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek, ke ciki ta bi bayanta.

Da gwamnan ya fahimci kuskuren, sai ya umarci direban ya juya. Amma yayin da direban ya tsaya domin canza hanya, sai motar ta tsaya a kusa da wani mutum Gavrilo Princip, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda da suka yi yunƙurin kashe Yariman tun da safe.

Nan take Princip ya buɗe wa Yariman da matarsa wuta, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwarsu.

Bayan kashe Yarima Franz Ferdinand, Daular Austro-Hungary (Habsburg) ta ayyana yaƙi da Serbia a ranar 28 ga Yulin 1914. Nan da nan ƙasashen Turai suka rabu zuwa ɓangarori biyu. Wasu suka mara wa Daular Habsburg baya, yayin da wasu suka goyi bayan Serbia, wadda ke da ƙawance da Rasha.

Wasu masana tarihi na ganin kashe Yariman ba shi ne asalin musabbabin yaƙin ba, dama ƙasashen kamar jira suke a ce kule su ce cas! Illa dai ya zama sanadin tayar da rikicin da tuni ƙasashen Turai ke daf da faɗawa a cikinsa.

Hakan ya haifar da kafa manyan ɓangarori biyu a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko. Ɓangaren ƙasashen ƙawance irinsu Rasha da Birtaniya da Faransa, yayin da ɗaya bangaren ya ƙunshi ƙasashen Jamus da Daular Habsburg.

Daga baya yaƙin ya ƙara faɗaɗa, inda Amurka da Italiya suka shiga ɓangaren ƙasashen ƙawance, yayin da Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga ɓangaren Jamus. Wannan mataki ne da ya yi tasiri sosai ga makomar yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Yadda tankokin ruwa suka sauya alkiblar yaƙin

Kamar dai yadda kuskuren da ayarin motar Yarima Franz Ferdinand ya yi ya kai ga kashe shi, haka shigar wasu jiragen ruwan yaƙin Jamus cikin ruwan Turkiyya ya haifar da shigar Daular Usmaniyya cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko.

Kafin yaƙin ya ɓarke, dangantaka tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Jamus ta ƙara ƙarfi, lamarin kuma ya damu Birtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Turai. Duk da cewa wasu jami'an gwamnatin Usmaniyya na son ƙasar ta kasance ƴar ba ruwanta a yaƙin, inda Ministan Yaƙi, Enver Pasha, da wasu manyan shugabanni sun fi karkata ga Jamus.

A ranar 10 ga Agustan 1914, Daular Usmaniyya ta ba jiragen ruwan yaƙin Jamus guda biyu damar shiga ta ruwanta yayin da jiragen Birtaniya da Faransa ke bibiyarsu. Wannan mataki ya fusata Landan da Paris.

Daular Usmaniyya ta ce ta sayi jiragen ne daga Jamus domin maye gurbin wasu da Birtaniya ta ƙi miƙa mata duk da yarjejeniyar da ke tsakaninsu.

Masanin tarihi Eugene Rogan ya ce gwamnatin Usmaniyya ta daɗe tana ƙoƙarin kauce wa shiga yaƙin, amma daga ƙarshe ta shiga a watan Nuwamban 1914. Jamus kuwa na ganin hakan zai taimaka mata musamman saboda tasirin da Daular Usmaniyya ke da shi a kan al'ummar Musulmi da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya da Faransa.

"Jihadin da Jamus ta shirya"

Bayan Daular Usmaniyya ta ayyana yaƙi da Birtaniya, Faransa da Rasha, ta yi amfani da siyasa da addini wajen bayyana matsayinta. Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, Mehmed na Biyar, wanda ba shi da cikakken iko a lokacin, ya ayyana jihadi kan waɗanda ya kira maƙiyan Musulunci.

An yi wannan sanarwa ne bayan babban malamin Usmaniyya, Sheikhul Islam Mustafa Khair Effendi, ya gabatar wa sarki abin da aka ce takobin Annabi Muhammadu S.A.W ne.

Bayan ayyana yaƙin ne, Jamus ta fara wata farfagandar neman goyon baya domin ƙarfafa kiran jihadi ga Musulmi kan maƙiyan Daular Usmaniyya. A shekarar 1915, aka kafa wani kamfanin dillancin labarai a Berlin mai suna Oriental News Agency, domin yaɗa saƙonnin kiran Musulmi zuwa jihadi.

An haɗa masana Gabas da wasu fitattun marubuta daga ƙasashen Musulmi, ciki har da marubucin Lebanon Shakib Arslan da Sheikh Abdel Aziz Jawish na Masar.

Jamus ta kuma ba wa fursunonin yaƙi Musulmi da ke sansanoninta damar gudanar da ibada tare da samun abinci bisa ƙa'idojin addininsu, yayin da take gayyatar wasu malamai domin su yi wa'azi kan jihadi.

Sai dai wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba. Masanin tarihi Tillman Lödke, wanda shi ne marubucin littafin German-Made Jihad, ya ce an samu rashin nasarar ne saboda ƙasashen Musulmi da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ƙawancen Birtaniya da Faransa ba su da ƙarfin da za su iya tunkarar ƙarfin sojan Yammacin Turai.

Bayan da wannan yunƙuri ya gaza samun nasara, an fara wani sabon yunkuri tare da goyon bayan Birtaniya domin fuskantar Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya haɗa da taimakon soja daga Turai da kuma masu ra'ayoyin kishin Larabawa da tarihinsu.

Juyin juya halin ƙasashen Larabawa

Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko ya ɓarke, wasu ƴan siyasa da masana daga lardunan Larabawa da ke ƙarƙashin Daular Usmaniyya sun yi fatan cewa bayan jam'iyyar Union and Progress ta karɓi iko, a dawo da tsarin kundin mulki tare da kafa majalisa, ta yadda za su samu damar shiga harkokin siyasa da yanke shawara a gwamnati.

Sai dai ba a jima ba aka samu saɓani tsakanin sabbin shugabannin Daular Usmaniyya da wasu Larabawa masu kishin ƙasa. Wani marubucin Lebanon Asad Khalil Dagher ya danganta wannan rikici da manufar "Turkanci", wadda yake cewa shugabannin jam'iyyar suka aiwatar tare da fifita ƴan asalin Turkiyya a kan sauran ƙabilu da ke cikin daular.

A lokacin yaƙin, an samu ƙaruwar rashin jituwa tsakanin gwamnatin Usmaniyya da wasu al'ummomin da take mulka, har ya kai ga an samu tashe-tashen hankula. A yankin Sham kuwa, an kashe wasu malaman larabawa da masu fafutuka a shekarun 1915 da 1916 bisa zargin haɗa kai da Birtaniya da Faransa, zargin da shugabannin Larabawa suka musanta.

Sai dai haɗin gwiwar wasu Larabawa da ƙasashen ƙawance ya fara ne ta hanyar wasiƙu tsakanin Sharif Hussein, shugaban Makka, da jami'an Birtaniya. A cikin wasiƙun, Landan ta bayyana shirinta na amincewa da ƴancin kan Larabawa idan suka taimaka wajen fitar da Turkiyya daga ƙasashen Larabawa.

A cikin wasiƙun da aka yi musayar ra'ayi tsakanin Sharif Hussein, shugaban Makka, da Henry McMahon, jakadan Birtaniya a Masar, an yi yarjejeniya cewa halifanci zai kasance a ƙarƙashin Larabawa, sannan Birtaniya za ta amince da kafa yankin Larabawa mai cin gashin kansa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sharif Hussein.

Za su ƙunshi mafi yawan yankunan Larabawa da ke Asiya, amma banda wasu sassan Iraƙi da kudancin Yemen. Sai dai wasiƙun ba su fayyace makomar wasu yankunan Sham da Faransa ke da'awar mallaka ba.

A watan Yunin 1916, aka fara juyin juya hali a ƙasashen Larabawa a yankin Hijaz, inda aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojojin Daular Usmaniyya da dakarun da ke biyayya ga Sharif Hussein, waɗanda ƴaƴansa biyu Abdullah da Faisal suka jagoranta.

Dakarun Sharif Hussein sun samu goyon bayan Birtaniya, ciki har da taimakon wani jami'in soja, Thomas Edward Lawrence, wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence na Larabawa.

Lawrence ya raka dakarun Sharif Hussein a yaƙe-yaƙen da suka ɗauki kusan shekara biyu suna fafatawa, har suka isa yankin arewa zuwa Aqaba da Damascus.

A ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1918, Faisal ɗan Sharif Hussein ya shiga Damascus bayan da sojojin Birtaniya da dakarun Sharif suka fatattaki sojojin Daular Usmaniyya. Wannan ya ƙara wa wasu Larabawa fatan cewa ƙirƙirar babbar ƙasar Larabawa ta kusa tabbata.

Sai dai alkawuran da Birtaniya ta yi wa Sharif Hussein sun ci karo da wasu yarjejeniyoyin diflomasiyya da London ta ƙulla da sauran ƙasashe, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga burin kafa babbar ƙasar Larabawa.

Yarjejeniyar Sykes-Picot

Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ya kasance wajen da ake rige-rigen tabbatar da mulkin mallaka tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa.

Sai dai a wasu lokuta ƙasashen biyu sun haɗa kai domin hana Rasha samun rinjaye a yankunan Daular Usmaniyya, wadda ake wa lakabi da "mara lafiya a Turai" saboda raunin da ta samu.

Bayan Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga yaƙi a ɓangaren da ke adawa da Birtaniya, Faransa da Rasha, an fara samun kiraye-kiraye a Landan da Paris na a raba yankunan da ake ganin za su rage daga mulkin daular bayan ta faɗi.

A shekarar 1916, ƙasashen ƙawance ba su kai ga samun nasara kan Daular Usmaniyya ba. Duk da cewa Birtaniya ta daƙile wani hari da daular ta kai kan mashigar Suez, amma yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba a yaƙin na Gallipoli da aka yi domin kwace Istanbul, sannan Birtaniya ta kuma yi asarar sojoji masu yawa a Iraƙi.

Duk da yanayin da ake ciki na yaƙi, Birtaniya da Faransa sun fara tattaunawa kan makomar yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin Daular Usmaniyya bayan yaƙin.

A wannan tattaunawa, jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa François-Georges Picot ya wakilci ƙasarsa, yayin da jami'in Birtaniya Mark Sykes ya wakilci Landan.

Wani mai bincike Christian Coates Ulrichsen, a littafinsa mai suna "The First World War in the Middle East", ya ce Mark Sykes da François-Georges Picot sun tattauna makomar lardunan Daular Usmaniyya ne a daidai lokacin da ake musayar wasiƙu tsakanin Sharif Hussein da Henry McMahon.

Bayan watanni ana tattaunawa, Birtaniya da Faransa sun cimma yarjejeniya a watan Mayun 1916 wadda aka fi sani da 'Yarjejeniyar Sykes-Picot'.

Yarjejeniyar ta tsara yadda za a raba yankunan arewacin Larabawa zuwa sassan da suka haɗa da Syria, Iraki, Falasɗinu, Lebanon da Jordan. Yankunan arewacin zai zauna ƙarƙashin Birtaniya, yayin da kudancin zai kasance ƙarƙashin Faransa.

A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar, Birtaniya za ta mallaki yankunan Bagadaza da Basra, sannan ta samu tasiri a wani yanki daga Gaza zuwa Kirkuk ta hanyar goyon bayan gwamnatocin Larabawa.

Faransa kuwa za ta samu ikon da yankunan gaɓar tekun Syria, yayin da tasirinta zai haɗa da Damascus da Aleppo har zuwa Mosul a gabas.

Haka kuma, ƙasashen biyu sun amince a kafa wani tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa domin kula da yankin Falasɗinu, wanda daga baya ya yi daidai da wani alkawari da Birtaniya ta yi , lamarin da ya yi matuƙar tasiri ga makomar yankin.

Sanarwar Balfour da tasirinta a Gabas ta Tsakiya

Ofishin Firaministan Isra'ila da ke birnin Kudus ya sanya wa wani layi sunan Balfour Street, sunan da mazauna birnin ke kallo da ma'anoni daban-daban. Wasu Falasɗinawa na nuna ƙyamarsu da sunan, su kuma wasu Isra'ilawa na ganin hakan a matsayin abin tunawa da tarihi.

An sanya wa hanyar sunan ne saboda Arthur Balfour, wani fitaccen ɗan siyasar Birtaniya, wanda sunansa ya shahara a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya sakamakon wani alƙawari da Birtaniya ta yi wa Yahudawa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko.

Duk idan aka yi magana kan Balfour sai a ambaci fafutukar kafa ƙasar Isra'ila da kama wuri zauna. Wannan fafutuka ta samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19, inda ta yi kira ga Yahudawa da ke fuskantar tsangwama a Turai, musamman a Rasha da Poland, su koma wata ƙasa su samu matsuguni.

Ba Falasɗinu kaɗai ce wurin da Yahudaw ƴan kama wuri zauna suka yi tunanin mamayewa ba, akwai wasu wurare kamar Argentina da Gabashin Afirka, amma matsayin Falaɗinu a tarihi da addini a al'adar Yahudawa ya sa ta zama zaɓi mafi jan hankali.

Ƙaura da Yahudawa zuwa Falasɗinu ta fara ƙaruwa ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, duk da cewa Daular Usmaniyya, wadda ta shafe kusan ƙarni huɗu tana mulkin yankin, ta sanya takunkumi kan mallakar filaye ga Yahudawa a Falasɗinu.

Sai dai wannan ba shi ne babban ƙalubalen da masu ra'ayin kafa ƙasar Isra'ila suka fuskanta ba. A lokacin Yahudawa suka fara ƙaura a karon farko zuwa Falasɗinu a ƙarni na 19, dubban Larabawa ne ke zaune a yankin.

An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 1914, yawan mutanen Falasɗinu ya kusan kai 700,000, kuma Larabawa ne suka fi yawa. Wani bincike da wani masanin a Jami'ar Hebrew, Sergio Delapergola, ya gudanar ya ce Yahudawa sun kai kusan kashi 13.6 cikin 100 na al'ummar yankin, yayin da baƙaƙen fata, ya kai kusan kashi 8.5 tsakanin 1914 zuwa 2007.

Kafin da kuma lokacin yaƙin, wasu Larabawa sun yi gargaɗi kan abin da suke ganin zai iya biyo bayan yunƙurin Yahudawa ƴan kama wuri zauna.

A watan Nuwamban 1917, yayin da sojojin Birtaniya ke yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya a Falasɗinu, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya Arthur Balfour ya aika da wasiƙa ga Baron Lionel Rothschild, wani fitaccen Bayahude a Birtaniya, wadda daga baya ake kiranta da Sanarwar Balfour.

A cikin sanarwar, Birtaniya ta yi alkawarin taimakawa wajen kafa wani matsugunin ƙasa ga Yahudawa a Falasɗinu, amma ta ce hakan ba zai tauye haƙƙin sauran al'ummomin da ba Yahudawa ba da ke zaune a yankin.

Sabuwar Duniya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko

Da ƙarfe 11 na ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban 1918, aka kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a hukumance bayanan nasarar ƙasashen ƙawance da kuma shan kaye da ƙasashen Jamus suka yi, ciki har da Daular Usmaniyya.

Yaƙin ya yi matuƙar tasiri ga rayuwar al'ummar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Matsalolin da suka biyo bayan yaƙin, ciki har da yunwa, sun yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane. A Lebanon kaɗai, an kiyasta cewa kusan mutum 200,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon yunwa.

Haka kuma, ƙasashen da suka yi yaƙin sun ɗauki daruruwan dubban mutane daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka domin su yi aikin soja ko wasu ayyuka bisa tilas. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan sojojin Aljeriya, Morocco da Tunisia 300,000 ne suka yi yaƙi a rundunar Faransa, inda sama da 30,000 suka mutu.

A yankunan da Daular Usmaniyya ke mulka ma, gwamnati ta kafa dokokin tilasta wa maza shiga aikin soja. Wasu masana tarihi sun ce kusan rabin miliyan daga Masar ne aka ɗauka domin aikin jigilar kayayyaki da gina layukan dogo.

Bayan yaƙin, ƙasashen da suka yi nasara suka shirya taron ƙasa da ƙasa a birnin Paris a shekarar 1919 domin tattauna yadda za a tsara duniya bayan yaƙi.

Daga cikin manyan batutuwan taron akwai kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe (League of Nations), diyya da Jamus za ta biya, raba Daular Habsburg zuwa sabbin ƙasashe, da kuma makomar Daular Usmaniyya da yankunan da ke ƙarƙashinta.

Taron ya kuma tattauna batun haƙƙin al'ummomi na zaɓar makomarsu, ra'ayin da Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson ya yi daɗe yana fafutuka a kai.

Rarraba yankunan Daular Usmaniyya da sabuwar taswirar Gabas ta Tsakiya

Mahalarta taron Paris sun amince cewa za a yanke makomar lardunan Daular Usmaniyya da sauran abin da ya rage daga daular ne a wasu taruka da yarjejeniyoyi, ciki har da taron San Remo bisa shawarwarin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe.

Bisa waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi, ƙarfin ikon Daular Usmaniyya ya ragu sosai, kuma a shekarar 1923 aka maye gurbinta da Jamhuriyar Turkiyya. Nasarar da sojojin Turkiyya ƙarƙashin Mustafa Kemal Atatürk suka samu kan sojojin Girka da Faransa ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da iyakokin ƙasar da ake gani a yau.

Sai dai yawancin yankunan Daular Usmaniyya da ke Gabas ta Tsakiya sun koma ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da Faransa.

A Syria, an bai wa Faransa ikon gudanar da mulki, inda sojojinta ƙarƙashin Janar Henri Gouraud suka shiga Damascus a shekarar 1920. Bayan jerin arangama da yaƙe-yaƙe, Faransa ta kifar da gwamnatin Faisal bin Hussein.

Janar Gouraud ya sanar da kafa ƙasar Lebanon a wannan shekarar, wadda ta haɗa da yankin Tsaunin Lebanon da wasu yankuna kamar Beirut, Tripoli da Sidon.

A Iraki kuma, Birtaniya ta goyi bayan naɗin Faisal bin Hussein a matsayin sarki domin maye gurbin kujerar da ya rasa a Syria. Daga baya Iraki ta haɗa yankin Mosul gaba ɗaya, duk da cewa yarjejeniyar Sykes-Picot ta tanadi cewa a raba yankin tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa. Birtaniya ta kuma yi watsi da yunƙurin Ƙurdawa na kafa ƙasa a arewacin Iraƙi, inda mulkin Hashemiyya ya ci gaba har zuwa 1958.

A shekarar 1921, Birtaniya ta kuma goyi bayan hawan Abdullah bin Hussein ya hau kan karagar Masarautar Gabashin Jordan, wadda daga baya ta zama Masarautar Jordan.

Falasɗinu kuwa ta koma ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya. Wannan mulkin mallaka ya ba da damar shigowar dubban Yahudawa daga Turai na tsawon kusan shekaru ashirin, kafin daga baya Landan ta sanya takunkumi kan yin ƙaura.

Bayan shekaru ana rikici tsakanin Larabawa, Yahudawa da Birtaniya, Landan ta kawo ƙarshen mulkinta a yankin. A shekarar 1948 aka kafa ƙasar Isra'ila, sannan aka fara yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na farko, wanda Falasɗinawa ke kira Nakba.

Yawancin iyakokin ƙasashen Larabawa an zana su ne bisa yarjejeniyoyi da shawarwarin da aka tsara a lokacin yaƙin da bayan an kammala shi. Har yanzu wasu daga cikin waɗannan tsare-tsare suna da tasiri a siyasa da rikice-rikicen yankin.