Dalilin da ya sa ba kasafai ake samun ɓarkewar annobar cutar huhu ba

A wata ranar Juma'a ce wata mata ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu wanda ba a tantance asalinsa ba a Siberia bayan da aka yi zaton ta kamu da cutar. Kafafen yaɗa labarai na Rasha sun ruwaito cewa an killace kusan mutane 200.

Matar mai shekara 28, mai suna Darya Shipilova, tana aiki a Cibiyar Yaƙi da Annoba da ke yankin Irkutsk a Siberia.

Rahotannin da ba a tabbatar ba sun nuna cewa matar ta kamu da rashin lafiya da alamun cutar huhu ko dai bayan ta karya bututun gwaji da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cutar, ko kuma bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa yankin Buryatia da ke kan iyaka da Mongolia. A wannan yanki, annobar ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin dabbobin daji.

Zuwa yanzu dai ba a tabbatar da musabbabin mutuwar Shipilova a hukumance ba, kuma rahotanni sun ce ana ci gaba da gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Amma abu ɗaya a bayyane yake, masana sun ce da wuya lamarin ya haifar da ɓarkewar cutar a duniya baki ɗaya.

Ana kamuwa da wannan annoba ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na Yersinia pestis. A asibiti akwai nau'i uku: annoba ta bubonic, annoba ta huhu da annoba ta septicaemic.

Cutar bubonic ita ce mafi yawan nau'in cutar kuma tana yaɗuwa ta hanyar cizon ƙuma da suka kamu da cutar.

Da zarar ta shiga cikin gidan ɗan adam, ƙwayar cuta tana tafiya zuwa ga ƙwayoyin lymph inda take haifar da gyambo mai zafi da ake kira 'buboes' a cikin maƙogwaro, wuya da hammata.

Yaɗuwar cutar bubonic daga ɗan adam zuwa mutum ba kasafai take faruwa ba, amma ƙwayar cuta na iya yaɗuwa zuwa jini inda take haifar da cutar septicaemic, ko huhu, wanda ke haifar da annobar huhu.

Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan annoba ba, nau'in cutar huhu na iya wucewa daga mutum zuwa mutum ta hanyar ƙananan ɗigon ruwa da ake fitarwa zuwa iska lokacin da mutum ya yi tari ko atishawa.

Ita ma annobar huhu yawanci tana kashe mutane sai dai idan an yi maganinta da wuri, kuma lokacin da aka ɗauka daga kamuwa zuwa lokacin da alamun suka fara na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa awanni 24.

Mutuwar Baƙar fata, wadda annobar bubonic da pneumonia ta haifar, ta kashe mutane sama da miliyan 25 a Turai a ƙarni na 14, inda ta kashe tsakanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa biyu bisa uku na yawan jama'a.

An samar da ita ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci da aka buɗe, da kuma shigo da kayayyaki kamar hatsi da fulawa ta jiragen ruwa.

Da farko, yayin da cutar Yersinia pestis mai saurin kamuwa da cutar huhu kusan koyaushe tana kashe mutane idan ba a yi maganinta ba, a yau ana iya shawo kanta da maganin rigakafi masu sauƙi waɗanda ake samu a ko'ina.

"Muna da magunguna guda biyu da ke aiki sosai don magance annobar bulbonic," in ji Piero Olliaro, farfesa a fannin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da talauci a Jami'ar Oxford.

A shekarar 2025, Olliaro da abokan aikinsa sun buga gwaji na farko da aka yi bazuwarsa, wanda aka sarrafa don magance annobar bubonic a Madagascar. Ya nuna cewa maganin rigakafi guda biyu - ciprofloxacin da aka sha da kuma allurar aminoglycoside - sun yi tasiri kashi 91% da 92% wajen magance annobar bubonic, bi da bi. Ko da a cikin 'yan lokuta kaɗan da annobar mutum ta zama cutar huhu, kashi 85% na mutane sun warke kuma sun tsira da magani cikin gaggawa.

Wani dalili kuma da ya sa ba kasafai ake samun annobar ba shi ne, saɓanin ƙwayar cutar Covid-19, annobar huhu za ta iya yaɗuwa ne kawai bayan alamun sun fara bayyana.

Wannan yawanci yana faruwa ne cikin awanni 24. Alamomin suna da tsanani kuma a bayyane suke. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk wani ƙarin lamari za a iya gano shi da sauri, a ware shi a kuma yi masa magani kafin ya yaɗu.

"Ba abu ne da za mu iya rasa ba, inda za mu ga mutane suna shiga jirgin sama suna yawo suna ganin sabbin kamuwa da cuta a ko'ina," in ji Zania Stamataki, farfesa a fannin rigakafi ta ƙwayoyin cuta a Jami'ar Birmingham. Zai bayyana a fili, cikin sauri, in ji ta.

A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, an ruwaito cewa an gano duk wanda ya yi mu'amala da marasa lafiyar kuma ana sa ido a kansa, babu wanda ya nuna alamun rashin lafiya a halin yanzu.

Wannan matakin ya yi daidai da shawarar lafiyar jama'a da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta bayar, wacce ke ba da shawarar gano mutanen da ake ganin suna cikin haɗari don a sa musu ido, a tantance su, a killace su a kuma ba su maganin rigakafi.

Christian Lindmeier, mai magana da yawun Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ya sanar da fara tantance haɗarin da ƙungiyar ta fuskanta a ranar Talata. Ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa "ya yi daidai da matsakaicin zuwa ƙasa ga Irkutsk, ƙaramin haɗari ne ga Tarayyar Rasha gaba ɗaya kuma ƙasa da haka ga yankin Turai na WHO".

Gabaɗaya dai, yaduwar cutar a cikin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje abu ne da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, domin galibi ana yin tsauraran matakai don hana kamuwa da cutar ba tare da an yi hattara ba. "Waɗannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne na musamman," in ji Stamataki. "Akwai matakai da matakai na kariya."

Misali, Stamataki ta bayyana cewa masu bincike suna sanya kayan kariya (PPE). Ana kuma sarrafa samfuran ne kawai a cikin kayan kariya na biosafety.

Ko da lokacin da kake jigilar bututu, bututun yana cikin wani jirgin ruwa na biyu da za a iya ɗaukar kaya, in ji Stamataki. Masu fasaha kuma suna yin horo mai ƙarfi kafin su yi aiki a irin waɗannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje, in ji ta.

Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a bayyana cewa annobar ba cuta ce ta tarihi kawai ba. Annoba ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin beraye a Afirka, Asiya, Kudancin Amurka har ma da Amurka.

Kowace shekara ana samun kamuwa da cutar a tsakanin mutane. Misali, a Amurka, matsakaicin mutane bakwai ne ke kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara. A wasu sassan duniya, akwai kuma barkewar cutar a wasu lokutan inda cutar ta yaɗu daga mutum zuwa mutum.

A shekarar 2017, barkewar cutar a Madagascar ta haifar da mutane 2,417 da suka kamu da cutar da kuma mutuwar mutane 209. Duk da haka, Olliaro ya nuna cewa gaskiyar cewa wannan ya ƙare shaida ce cewa barkewar cutar ta fi yawa. Ba kasafai ake samun ta a annoba ba.

Duk da haka, yayin da barkewar annobar ba zai iya yaɗuwa a duniya baki ɗaya ba, wannan ba yana nufin cewa bai kamata mu saka hannun jari wajen magancewa da hana annobar ba.

"Bai yi tasiri ga mutane da yawa a duniya ba, amma har yanzu yana haifar da wahala," in ji Olliaro. "Cutar ce mai muhimmanci, don haka bai kamata mu manta cewa akwai annoba ba."

Mun yi amfani da ƙirƙirarriyar basira wajen fassara wannan labari daga harshen Ingilishi. Ma’aikacin BBC ya sake duba labarin kafin a wallafa. Karanta ƙarin bayani kan yadda muke amfani da fasahar AI.