Yadda Erdogan ya sauya fasalin Turkiyya cikin shekara 10

A ranar 15 ga Yulin 2016, Turkiyya ta tsinci kanta cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin dararen da ta fuskanta a tarihinta, yayin da wasu sojoji suka yi yunƙurin kifar da gwamnati.

A lokacin, an ji ƙarar harbe-harbe, yayin da tankokin yaƙi suka mamaye tituna, jiragen yaƙi kuma suka rika shawagi a sararin samaniya, kuma aka watsa abubuwan da ke faruwa kai tsaye a talabijin yayin da masu yunƙurin karɓe mulki ke ƙoƙarin ƙwace iko daga gwamnati.

Duk da cewa ƙasar ta taɓa fuskantar juyin mulki da tsoma bakin sojoji a siyasa a lokuta da dama a baya, daren 15 ga Yulin 2016 ya bambanta da duk wani abu da Turkiyya ta taɓa gani.

A karon farko, an kai hari ga majalisar dokokin ƙasar, yayin da Gadar Bosphorus da ke Istanbul wadda yanzu ake kira Gadar Shahidan 15 ga Yuli ta zama wurin arangama da zubar da jini.

Dubban fararen hula ne suka fito kan tituna bayan kiran Shugaba Recep Tayyip Erdogan na yin turjiya ga sojojin da ke ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnatinsa.

Shugaba Recep Tayyip Erdogan ya bayyana kai tsaye a wani gidan talabijin ta wayar hannu daga wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba, inda ya buƙaci magoya bayansa su fito kan tituna domin kalubalantar masu yunkurin juyin mulkin.

A lokaci guda kuma, masallatai a faɗin ƙasar sun yi ta yaɗa sakonsa ta lasifikokinsu, suna kira ga jama'a su mara wa gwamnati baya.

Zuwa wayewar gari, yunƙurin juyin mulkin ya ci tura bayan sojojin da suka ƙaddamar da shi sun kasa karɓe ikon mulkin ƙasar.

Rikicin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutum 253, ciki har da fararen hula 184, yayin da wasu mutum 34 da ake zargi da hannu a yunkurin juyin mulkin su ma suka rasa rayukansu.

Duk da cewa an dakile yunkurin juyin mulkin cikin 'yan sa'o'i, abubuwan da suka biyo baya sun sauya Turkiyya baki daya, inda suka canza yadda ake tafiyar da iko a cikin gida da kuma yadda kasar ke mu'amala da sauran kasashen duniya.

Babban kamen mutane da korar ma'aikata

Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta ɗora alhakin yunƙurin juyin mulkin kan ƙungiyar malamin addinin Musulunci da ke zaune a Amurka, Fethullah Gulen, tana mai zargin mabiyansa da shirya wannan yunƙuri.

Sai dai Gulen ya ci gaba da musanta hannu a lamarin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2024.

Bayan kwanaki kaɗan da faruwar lamarin, gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci wadda ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarar 2018, bayan an tsawaita ta har sau bakwai.

A wannan lokaci, hukumomi sun gudanar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman matakan korar ma'aikata da kamen mutane a tarihin Turkiyya.

Gwamnati ta ce ɗaukar waɗannan matakai ya zama dole domin tarwatsa cibiyar Gulen da kuma kawar da barazanar da take yi wa tsaron kasar.

A baya, Fethullah Gulen na daga cikin na kusa da Shugaba Erdogan, kuma mabiyansa sun riƙe muƙamai masu tasiri a hukumomin gwamnati tsawon shekaru.

Bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin, dubban sojoji da alkalai da jami'an tsaro da ma'aikatan gwamnati sun fuskanci kora, dakatarwa ko kame.

Haka kuma, an rufe ɗaruruwan makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi da ake alaƙantawa da ƙungiyar Gulen, ciki har da wasu jami'o'i.

Sai dai masu sukar gwamnati sun ce matakan murƙushewar sun wuce waɗanda ake zargi da hannu a juyin mulkin, inda suka shafi masu adawa da gwamnati.

Wasu 'yan adawa kuma na zargin cewa hakan ya bai wa wasu ƙungiyoyin addini damar kara tasiri a cibiyoyin gwamnati, zargin da gwamnati ke musantawa.

Ƙara ƙarfafa ikon Shugaba Erdoğan

Ana iya cewa wani abu mafi muhimmiyar da ya faru sakamakon yunƙurin juyin mulkin shi ne ƙara ƙarfafa ikon Shugaba Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, wanda ya ba shi damar sassauta tsarin siyasa tare da faɗaɗa ikon shugabancinsa.

A shekara ta 2017, 'yan ƙasar Turkiyya sun amince da sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki da suka mayar da ƙasar daga tsarin firaminista zuwa tsarin shugabancin ƙasa mai ƙarfi wanda ya fara aiki a 2018.

Masu goyon baya suna cewa sabon tsarin ya kawo kwanciyar hankali da saurin yanke shawara.

Amma masu suka suna ganin ya tara iko mai yawa a hannun mutum ɗaya, wato Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, tare da raunana ikon majalisa da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati masu zaman kansu.

Farfesa Dogan Cetinkaya ya ce tsarin shugabancin na cike da rashin tabbas da kuma tsarin mulki mai ruɗani, wanda ke ƙara bai wa shugaban ƙasa damar yin tasiri kai tsaye kan harkokin gwamnati.

Damuwa kan mulkin kama-karya

Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta daɗe tana fuskantar suka kan batutuwan kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam da kuma ƴancin walwala.

Sai dai waɗannan damuwar sun ƙara tsananta bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin da aka yi da kuma kamun ƙafa da korar ma'aikata da suka biyo baya.

An kori dubban alƙalai da masu gabatar da ƙara bisa zargin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Gulen, lamarin da ya haifar da damuwa daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam da cibiyoyin Turai kan 'yancin kai a ɓangaren shari'a.

Farfesa Cetinkaya ya ce bayan 15 ga Yuli, cibiyoyin gwamnati a Turkiyya sun rasa cin gashin kansu, inda ɓangaren shari'a da majalisa suka daina taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyoyin iko.

Tun lokacin, shirya zanga-zangar jama'a ya ƙara zama mai wuya, saboda hukumomi na yawan ƙaƙaba takunkumi kan taruka tare da tura jami'an tsaro masu yawa.

'Yancin aikin jarida ma ya ragu sakamakon ƙarin tasirin gwamnati a kan mallakar kafafen yaɗa labarai da kuma gurfanar da fitattun ƴan jarida a kotu.

A rahoton World Press Freedom Index na 2026, Turkiyya tana matsayi na 163 cikin ƙasashe 180.

Har ila yau, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na ci gaba da zama abin cece-ku-ce a ƙasar.

Kwanan nan an kama wani shahararren ɗan barkwanci bisa zargin cin mutuncin shugaban ƙasa, lamarin da ya ƙara shiga jerin 'yan jarida, 'yan siyasa da fitattun mutane da ake bincike ko gurfanarwa.

Ƙungiyar Freedom House ta ce Turkiyya ta ƙara karkata zuwa salon mulkin kama-karya a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, inda aka ƙarfafa ikon gwamnati tare da ɗaure ƴan adawa, ƴan jarida masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar farar hula.

A watan Maris na 2025, an kama magajin garin Istanbul, Ekrem Imamoglu, wanda ake kallon shi a matsayin babban abokin hamayyar Shugaba Erdogan, tare da wasu jami'an birnin kan zargin cin hanci, zargin da suka musanta. Shari'arsa na ci gaba.

A watan Mayun 2026 kuma, wata kotu ta sauya shugabancin babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta CHP, lamarin da jam'iyyar ta bayyana a matsayin "juyin mulki ta hanyar shari'a".

Sai dai gwamnati ta musanta zargin cewa dimokuraɗiyya tana taɓarɓarewa, tana mai cewa sauye-sauyen da aka yi bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin 2016 sun ƙarfafa tsaro, zaman lafiya da cibiyoyin dimokuraɗiyya.

Farfesa Nuri Salik ya ce tsarin da ake da shi yanzu wata hanya ce da gwamnati ta bi domin kare kanta daga barazanar da yunƙurin juyin mulkin ya nuna, ba wai kawai wata alama ce ta mulkin kama-karya ba.

Raguwar tasirin Sojoji a Siyasa

Tsawon shekaru, sojojin Turkiyya suna kallon kansu a matsayin masu kare tsarin ƙasar da Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ya kafa, kuma sun sha tsoma baki a harkokin siyasa lokacin rikice-rikice.

Sai dai bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin 2016, gwamnati ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye da suka sanya sojoji ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon farar hula, lamarin da ya rage tasirinsu a siyasar ƙasar.

Bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin 2016, an yi sauye-sauye a tsarin ɗaukar ma'aikata da shugabancin sojoji.

Haka kuma an sake fasalin ko rufe makarantu da asibitocin soji, tare da mayar da sansanonin soji daga cikin manyan birane.

Masana da dama na ganin waɗannan matakai sun kawo ƙarshen zamanin tsoma bakin sojoji a siyasar Turkiyya.

A cewar Farfesa Nuri Salik, a karon farko a tarihin Turkiyya na zamani, jama'a sun fito sun yi turjiya ga yunƙurin sojoji na karɓe mulki a ranar 15 ga Yulin 2016.

Ya ce yanzu sojoji sun rasa kusan gaba ɗaya ikon da suke da shi na tasiri a harkokin siyasar ƙasar, kuma wannan ne babban sauyin da aka samu.

Sauyin manufofin tsaro a Turkiyya

Bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin 2016, Turkiyya ta karkata manufofinta na ƙetare zuwa batutuwan tsaro.

A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya, Ankara ta ƙaddamar da manyan hare-haren soji guda uku a arewacin Siriya, inda ta kai farmaki kan ƙungiyar ISIS da kuma mayakan YPG.

Turkiyya na kallon ƙungiyar YPG a matsayin reshen PKK, wadda Turkiyya da ƙasashen Yamma ke ɗauka a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci.

Duk da ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da tattaunawar zaman lafiya da PKK a 'yan shekarun nan, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ci gabanta ba.

A cewar Farfesa Nuri Salik, yunƙurin juyin mulkin 2016 ya sa gwamnatin Turkiyya ta fi mayar da hankali kan batun tsaro.

Ya ce, "kare ƙasa da gwamnati shi ne ya zama babban abin da ake bai wa fifiko fiye da komai."

Bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin 2016, Turkiyya ta fara bin wata hanya ta daban a harkokin ƙasashen waje, inda ta ƙarfafa dangantaka da Rasha duk da kasancewarta mamba mai muhimmanci a ƙungiyar NATO.

Sayen tsarin kariyar sararin samaniyar S-400 daga Rasha ya jawo saɓani da Amurka, wanda ya haddasa takunkumi da kuma cire Turkiyya daga shirin jiragen yaƙin F-35.

Sai dai kwanan nan Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya nuna yiwuwar janye takunkumin da kuma sake duba batun sayar wa Turkiyya jiragen F-35, duk da cewa hakan na iya fuskantar adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka.

A lokaci guda kuma, ƙoƙarin Turkiyya na shiga Tarayyar Turai bai samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba, inda tattaunawar neman membobinta ta tsaya cik tun shekarar 2018.