Kuki abagore baba bacye mu kubaza ibibazo mu ruhame?

Mu mahuriro arimo abantu, abagabo kenshi baruta abagore iyo bigeze igihe cyo kubaza ibibazo. Kandi ni umuco bitunguranye uburyo bugoye kuwuhindura.

Mu myaka myinshi nakoze ibiganiro kuri radio kandi nyobora amahuriro arimo abantu benshi. Ku musozo igihe cy’ibibazo n’ibisubizo (Q&A – Questions and Answers) ni ingenzi cyane, buri gihe mba nifuza ko buri wese yumva yisanzuye ngo abaze icyo atumvise. Ariko uko ngeragezaibishoboka ngo buri wese yumve yisanzuye, uko ibiganza bizamuka buri gihe byinshi biza ari iby’abagabo biteguye kubaza ikibazo ndetse akenshi amaboko ya mbere azamuka ni ay’abagabo.

Birashoboka ko abagore baba bafite ibibazo bicye byo kubaza, ibyo byakumvikana. Ariko inshuro nyinshi, nyuma y’uwo mwanya w’ibibazo abagore bagiye banyegera bakambwira ibibazo bari bafite byo kubaza, ariko ntibabibaze. Kandi ugasanga ni ibibazo byiza.

Kubona ibi inshuro nyinshi byatumye nshaka kureba ibarurishamibare (statistics) n’ubushakashatsi. Bwinshi mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe bwibanze ku kwitegereza abantu baje mu nama za kaminuza kurusha inama z’ibindi bikorwa bya rubanda, gusa nabyo ntibitandukanye. Ibyo byerekana ni uko ibyo nagiye mbona bisa n’ibiri hose.

Urugero,inyigo ya Shoshana Jarvis wo muri University of California yatangajwe mu 2022, yarebye ababajije ibibazo muri ‘conference’ yarimo buri wese kuva ku bahanga mu bumenyamuntu, imiterere y’inyenyeri n’ubukungu. Iyi ni muri za nama iyo ushaka kubaza ikibazo ugomba kuva aho wicaye ukajya ku murongo imbere y’indangururamajwi aho buri wese aba akureba. Mu baje kubaza, 63% bari abagabo, wakwibaza ko 63% by’ibibazo byabajijwe n’abagabo, ariko mu by’ukuri 78% by’ibibazo byose byabajijwe n’abagabo.

Nk’ibi byabaye ubwo abanyeshuri 250 ba kaminuza bari mu mahugurwa bo mu bihugu 10 bakoreweho ubushakashatsi bukuriwe na Alecia Carter ubu wo kuri University College London. Alecia yasanze abagore bari munsi ho inshuro 2.5 ku bagabo mu kubaza ibibazo nubwo bwose umubare w’abagore n’abagabo bari bahari urebye wanganaga.

Ukuri ni uko izi nyigo zombi abazikoze barebye gusa ku bibazo byabajijwe, batarebye uko amaboko yazamuwe y’abifuza kubaza, bityo biranashoboka ko abayoboye bahisemo kwakira ibibazo by’abagabo. Ariko ubushakashatsi busubiwemo bwasanze abagabo ari bo bazamura amaboko ngo babaze bituma ababukoze babuhimba “question-and-manswer”.

None ni iki gicecekesha abagore?

Bisa n’aho atari ukubura ibibazo byo kubaza. Alecia Carter yasesenguye inyigo yabajije abantu 600 bo muri kaminuza mu bihugu 20. Byari bitangaje kubona abagore n’abagabo bavuga ko batifuje kubaza ikibazo cyabo nubwo bari bagifite. Ariko abagore nibo ahanini bavuze ko batagize ubutwari bwo kuzamura akaboko ngo babaze, ko bari bafite ubwoba ko bari bwumvwe nabi, ko uyoboye ibiganiro atera ubwoba, cyangwa ko ubwabo bumvaga badashoboye kubaza ikibazo cyiza.

Nta ushaka kuba wa muntu ubaza ikibazo akaba ari we ubwirwa imbere y’abantu magana atatu ko arimo gutandukira. Ariko ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibi bishoboka cyane kuba ari byo bibuza abagore.

Muri Amerika, Jarvis yasanze abagore bavuga ko bumva bagize igihunga iyo bashatse kubaza, mu gihe abagabo bo igihe batabajije bifashe kugira ngo bahe undi amahirwe yo kubaza, bivuze ko abagabo bamwe batera intambwe nziza yo kwanga kwiganza mu gihe cya Q&A.

Kubaza kuko babonye ikosa

Inshuro ebyiri z’abagabo kurusha abagore bavuze ko bifuje kubaza ikibazo kuko bumva ko hari ikosa babonye. Byumvikana nk’ibidasanzwe, ariko aha ni mu mahuriro yo muri za kaminuza aho abatanga ibiganiro gusubiza ku kunengwa ari ibisanzwe.

Ubushakashatsi kandi bwarebye ku miterere y’ibibazo abagore n’abagabo babaza. Hari igihe bivugwa ko abagabo babaza ibibazo birebire cyangwa bagashaka kubaza ikibazo kirenze kimwe inshuro imwe, hari utangira ati: “Mfite ikibazo kimwe gikubiyemo bitatu”.

Ariko abagabo sibo gusa biharira iyo bigeze ku bibazo byinshi. Ubwo Gillian Sandstrom wo muri University of Sussex mu Bwongereza yasesenguraga ibibazo 900 byabajijwe mu biganiro rusange 160, mu nyandiko itegereje gutangazwa, yasanze nta tandukaniro rihari. Ubwo abagore babazaga ikibazo ku bibazo bimwe na bimwe nabo bafata umwanya muremure kimwe n’abagabo.

Ubwo bagereranyaga ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibibazo, nko gutangira uramutsa uyoboye uti ‘hello’, ukamushimira, cyangwa ugatangira wivuga, itandukaniro hagati y’abagabo n’abagore ni uko abagore aribo akenshi baramutsa uyoboye inama.

Bityo, ikibazo nyacyo kibatandukanya ni uwifuza kubaza ikibazo cya mbere.

Ushobora kuvuga uti kuko n’ubundi nta mwanya uhagije uba uhari ngo buri wese abaze, bityo ko niba nta ubajije ikibazo cya mbere, n’ubundi ntacyo bitwaye. Ikibazo ni uko iyo kimwe cya kabiri cy’abitabiriye bajijinganya kubaza, bituma utabona ibibazo binyuranye kandi by’ingenzi wari kwakira.

Izindi nkuru wasoma:

Kugeza ubu ubusakashatsi busa n’ubwibanze ku bagore n’abagabo, ariko byaba na byiza kureba niba n’andi matsinda ya ba nyamucye nayo yifata mu kubaza ibibazo bifuza ko bisubizwa.

Mu kazi, kubaza ibibazo bishobora gutuma ugaragara kandi iyo wifuza kubona akazi keza kwigaragaza ni ingenzi. Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu nama mu Bufaransa, Junhanlu Zhang wo kuri Insitut Pasteur yasanze abantu akenshi bibuka amazina ya bamwe mu babajije. Birumvikana ko bitavuze ko bose ayo mazina yabo atibukwa neza gusa. Birashoboka ko bibukwa kubera kuruhanya buri kanya babaza.

Ikindi kibazo cy’ubuke bw’abagore mu kubaza ibibazo muri rusange ni uko abagore ku ntangiriro y’amashuri yabo ya kaminuza bari bafite abagore bacye b’ibyitegererezo kuri bo babereka ko batagomba gutinya kubaza ibibazo.

Hakorwa iki ngo abagore benshi babaze ibibazo bafite?

Icya mbere ni uko icyorezo (Covid) gisa n’icyatweretse inzira imwe twanyura. Ubwo ibintu byinshi byabaye ngombwa ko bijya ‘online’, hari amahirwe yandi yabonetse yo kubaza ibibazo bitabaye ngombwa kurangurura ngo uvuge ijambo – ahubwo ukacyandika muri ‘chat box’ kuri ‘screen’ yawe, rimwe na rimwe n’izina ryawe atari ngombwa. Nta gutegereza wazamuye akaboko, wibaza niba bagufata cyangwa bakureka, nta mpungenge niba microphone ivuga cyangwa uri budidimange mu kubaza mu gihe buri wese arimo kukureba. Kandi n’ubu abantu bararushaho gukoresha za ‘apps’ mu kohereza ibibazo bakoresheje telephone zabo, uyoboye akakira urutonde rwabyo kuri ‘tablet’ agasubiza.

Ndetse byiza kurushaho, iyo ikibazo cyawe cyasubijwe kare mu biganiro yenda utari ukurikiye, uyoboye - we ugomba buri gihe kuba akurikiye - icyo kibazo ntabwo akigarukaho, aracyihorera.

Nonese ibi abagore bareka bwa bwoba kandi mu nama ziri ‘online’ bakabaza ibibazo cyo kimwe n’abagabo? Ashwi! Siko bimeze nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwa Zhang bubivuga.

Yabaruye ibibazo byabajijwe n’abagore n’abagabo mu nama kuri bioinformatics mu Bufaransa yabereye ‘online’ muri Kanama(6) 2021. Iki ni icyiciro aho ubusanzwe abenshi mu bitabira baba ari abagabo, ariko igihe iyo nama yajyaga ‘online’ hari umubare wenda kungana w’abagabo n’abagore. Ariko n’ubundi abagabo babajije ibibazo 115, naho abagore babaza 57. Ubukuru nabwo bwari itandukaniro, aho abagabo bari hejuru y’imyaka 35 babajije inshuro zirenze icyenda ibibazo byinshi kurusha abagore bato kuri bo.

Gillian Sandstrom atekereza ko abayobora ibiganiro bafite uruhare bagomba kugira mu gutuma buri wese yumva yisanzuye bihagije ku buryo abaza ikibazo. Mu bushakashatsi bwa Zhang, igitsina cy’uyoboye inama nta ngaruka kibigiramo. Ariko avuga ko hari uburyo uyoboye inama yabigenza agakora itandukaniro.

Byabonetse ko iyo umugabo abajije ikibazo cya mbere bituma abagore bacye baza kubaza. Biba bisa nk’aho kubaza ibibazo bihawe umujyo runaka. Rero birashoboka ko ibyiza ari uguha umwanya umugore akabaza ikibazo cya mbere ndetse byaba byiza akaba atari umuntu wo hejuru. Iyo nta mugore ushaka kubaza ikibazo, rimwe na rimwe nabwiraga abitabiriye iby’ubu bushakashatsi kuri ibi ndetse nkabaza niba nta mugore wifuza kubaza bwa mbere.

Ubwo bushakashatsi kandi butanga indi nzira ishoboka – gushyiramo akaruhuko gato hagati y’ibiganiro n’igihe cy’ibibazo n’ibisubizo. Iki ni igihe cyiza kuko giha abantu amahirwe yo gutekereza no kuba yabaza mugenzi we umwegereye iby’ikibazo afite. Nagerageje ibi kandi mbona ibibazo byinshi kurushaho kuko abantu babona umwanya wo gusuzuma ikibazo cyabo niba gifatika.

Abagore kandi babajije ibibazo byinshi mu gihe hatanzwe umwanya uhagije, birashoboka ko igihe gihagije cy’ibibazo nacyo ari ingenzi, nubwo ibi nasanze atari ikintu gishimwa na buri wese.

Ubu, turagendera gusa ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku hantu h’amashuri ya kaminuza, ariko byaba ari byiza no kumenya uko byifashe mu nama zindi zisanzwe za rubanda.