Ikosa nyamukuru ryatumye haduka intambara ya mbere y'isi n'intambara zo mu Buseruko bwo Hagati

Haraheze hafi imyaka 112, ukwihenda ibarabara kw'umushoferi yari imbere mu murongo w'imiduga yari itwaye abategetsi kwatumye haba igitero c'iterabwoba, cahavuye gitera uruhagarara mpuzamakungu, uru narwo mu nyuma mbere ruvamwo intambara ya mbere y'isi.

Iyo ntambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku miriyoni 20, ituma ubwami bwinshi busenyuka, inugurura inzira kw'ishingwa ry'ibihugu bishasha mu bice bitandukanye vy'isi, cane cane mu Buseruko bwo Hagati.

Intambara ya mbere y'isi yamaze imyaka irenga ine. Muri ico gihe, habaye intambara nyinshi mu burere butandukanye. Kandi hagiye hasinywa amasezerano menshi mu vya 'diplomasi'.

Gutahura ingene ibintu vyakurikiranye bifasha gusigura imvo nyamukuru zatumye itunganywa uko itunganijwe muri iki gihe, hamwe n'ingene imbibe z'ibihugu tuzi uno musi zashinzwe, na cane cane izo mu Buseruko bwo Hagati.

Igandagurwa rya Archiduc François-Ferdinand

Muri Ruheshi (6)1914, Archiduc François-Ferdinand, Umuganwa akaba na Samuragwa w'Ingoma ya Autriche-Hongrie, yagiye i Sarajevo, umurwa mukuru wa Bosiniya, ari kumwe n'umugore wiwe, Duchesse Sophie.

Muri urwo rugendo, abanyapolitike b'Abanya Serbie bo muri Bosiniya - bagendera ku vyiyumviro vy'abiyita ko bakunda cane igihugu cabo - bipfuza ko Bosiniya ifatanywa na Serbie baciye bagerageza kumugandagura. Igitero ca mbere carapfuvye, n'ubwo abantu benshi bari kumwe n'uwo mutegetsi bakomeretse.

Umuhinga mu vya kahise Christopher Clarke, mu gitabu ciwe The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914, asigura ko amaze kuvuga ijambo yari yateguye, Archiduc François-Ferdinand yafashe ingingo yo kuja ku bitaro gusuhuza abari bakomeretse yongera ahagarika ibindi bikorwa vyose vyari bitegekanijwe.

Ariko rero, abatwara imodoka zamwunguruza ntibari bamenyeshejwe ko inzira yahinduwe. Ni co gituma imodoka yari imbere yafashe inzira bari bazananye, iyindi yari itwaye Archiduc François-Ferdinand, umugore wiwe na Buramatari wa Bosiniya, Oskar Potiorek, irayikurikira.

Buramatari amaze kubona ko bihenze inzira, yategetse umushoferi gusubira inyuma. Yamara, igihe umushoferi yagabanya umuvuduko kugira afate inzira y'ukuri, imodoka yahagaze hafi ya Gavrilo Princip, umwe mu bari bateguye umugambi wo kugandagura uwo mutegetsi, akaba mbere yari yamaze no kubigerageza mu gitondo c'uwo musi.

Buno nyene Princip yaciye yatsa umuriro w'inkoho arabisha kuri Archiduc François-Ferdinand n'umugore wiwe, baca barapfa.

Inyuma y'igandagurwa rya Archiduc François-Ferdinand, ku wa 28 Mukakaro (7) 1914, ingoma ya Autriche-Hongrie yaciye itangaza ko itanguye intambara na Serbie. Bidatevye, ibihugu bikomeye vyo ku mugabane wa Buraya vyaciye vyigaburamwo imirwi ibiri: hari ivyashigikiye ingoma ya Autriche-Hongrie, ibindi na vyo bishigikira Serbie yari somambike n'Uburusiya.

N'ubwo vyagenze uko, abahinga benshi mu vya kahise bavuga ko iyicwa rya François-Ferdinand atari yo mvo nyamukuru y'iyo ntambara. Ahubwo ryabaye nk'imbarutso kubera ibihugu bikomeye vy'i Buraya vyari bisanzwe bimaze igihe mu kutumvikana no kunyinyurana gukomeye gushingiye ku vya politike, ivya gisirikare n'ivya diplomasi, ku buryo vyasa n'uko intambara itari gushobora kwirindwa.

Ivyo vyatumye havuka imirwi ibiri minini ihanganye, bivanye n'ingene ibihugu vyari bicuditse. Ku ruhande rumwe hari umurwi wari ugizwe n'Uburusiya, Ubufaransa, Ubwongereza, Ubutaliyano na Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ('Alliés' mu rurimi rw'igifaransa). Ku rundi, hari ibihugu biherereye hagati na hagati ku mugabane wa Buraya ('Empires centraux' mu rurimi rw'igifaransa), vyari birongowe n'Ubudagi hamwe n'Ingoma ya Autriche-Hongrie.

Ibihugu vya Amerika n'Ubutariyano vyinjiye muri iyi ntambara mu nyuma bija ku ruhande rw'aba 'Alliés', mu gihe Ingoma ya Ottoman (Empire ottoman) yifatanije n'ibihugu vyo hagati i Buraya.

Ivyo vyagize ingaruka zikomeye kuri kazoza k'Ubuseruko bwo Hagati.

Ingene ibimodoka mutamenwa vyahinduye uko intambara yariko iragenda

Nk'uko ukwihenda ku nzira imodoka zari gufata kwatumye igandagurwa rya Archiduc François-Ferdinand ryoroha, ni ko n'umuzo w'ubwato bw'intambara bw'Ubudagi mu mazi y'ingoma ya Ottoman vyatumye ino ngoma yinjira mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi.

Imbere y'uko iyo ntambara itangura, imigenderanire hagati y'ingoma ya Ottoman n'Ubudagi yari ikomeye cane, ivyo bikaba vyari biteye amakenga Ubwongereza n'ibindi bihugu bikomeye vy'i Buraya. N'ubwo bamwe mu bategetsi b'ingoma ya Ottoman bipfuza ko iyi ngoma itogira uruhande ra rumwe yegamira mu ntambara, Umushikiranganji wo kwivuna abansi, Enver Pacha, hamwe n'abandi bategetsi bakuru bahavuye bashigikira ingingo yo yokwifatanya n'Ubudagi.

Ku wa 10 Myandagaro (8) 1914, ingoma ya Ottoman yemereye ubwato bubiri bw'intambara bw'Ubudagi kwinjira mu mazi yayo, mu gihe bwariko bukurikiranwa n'ubwato bw'intambara bw'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa. Iyo ngingo yarashavuje cane abategetsi ba Londre na Paris.

Reta ya Ottoman yavuze ko yari yaguze ubwo bwato ku Budagi kugira busubirire ubwo Ubwongereza bwari bwanse kuyishikiriza, n'ubwo hagati y'ivyo bihugu bibiri hari hasanzwe hari amasezerano yabitegekanya.

Umuhinga mu vya kahise Eugene Rogan avuga ko Reta ya Ottoman yari imaze igihe kinini yirinda kwinjira mu ntambara, ariko amaherezo iza kuyijamwo muri Munyonyo (11) 1914. Ubudagi bwabona ko ubwo bumwe bwari kubugirira akamaro, cane cane kubera ububasha bw'idini n'ubwa politike Ingoma ya Ottoman yari ifise ku gice c'Aba Islam baba mu bihugu vyari bikoronijwe n'Ubwongereza hamwe n'Ubufaransa.

'Jihadi yateguwe n'Abadagi'

Inyuma yo gutangaza intambara ku Bwongereza, Ubufaransa n'Uburusiya, Ingoma ya Ottoman yishimikije imvo za politike n'idini mu gusigura iyo ngingo. Sultan Mehmed V, yari afise ububasha buke muri ico gihe, yatangaje jihadi yo kurwanya ibihugu yavuga ko ari abansi ba Islam.

Iryo tangazo ryasohowe inyuma y'uko Sheikh al-Islam Mustafa Hayri Efendi, yari umuyobozi mukuru w'idini ku ngoma ya Ottoman, ashikirije Sultan icavugwa ko yari 'inkota y'Umuhanuzi Mahomet'(PSL).

Muri ico gihe nyene, Ubudagi bwaratanguje umugambi munini wo gukwiragiza amakuru agamije guhimiriza Aba Islam gutanguza jihadi yo kurwanya abansi b'ingoma ya Ottoman. Mu 1915, bwashinze i Berlin itororokanirizo ry'Amakuru ry'Ubuseruko (Agence de presse orientale) kugira rikwiragize amakuru n'ubutumwa bihamagarira Aba Islam gushigikira iyo ntambara nyeranda.

Muri uwo mugambi harimwo abahinga b'Abadagi biga ivyerekeye ibihugu vyo mu Buseruko (orientalistes), bafadikanije n'incabwenge zitari nke zo mu bihugu vy'Aba Islam, harimwo umwanditsi w'Umunyalibani Shakib Arslan hamwe n'umuhinga w'ivyiyumviro aturuka mu Misiri Abdel Aziz Jawish.

Ubudagi bwaranemereye imbohe z'intambara z'Aba Islam zari zipfungiwe mu makambi yabwo uburenganzira bwo gusenga no gukurikiza idini ryazo ata nkomanzi, hamwe no guhabwa imfungurwa zijanye n'amabwirizwa y'idini rya Islam. Vyongeye, bwaratumiye abahinga benshi mu vy'idini rya Islam kugira baze kwamamaza jihadi muri izo mbohe.

Ariko rero, uwo mugambi ntiwatanze umwimbu wari witezwe. Umuhinga mu vya kahise Tillman Lüdke, umwanditsi w'igitabu Jihad Made in Germany, avuga ko uwo mugambi ataco wavuyemwo kubera ko Aba Islam baba mu bihugu vyari bikoronijwe n'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa batari bafise ubushobozi bwa gisirikare canke uburyo bwo kwitunganya bwokenerwa kugira bahagurukire kurwanya ibihugu vy'abakoloni.

Inyuma y'uko uwo mugambi wanse, Ubwongereza bwaciye bushigikira uwundi mugambi wari ufise intumbero yo kugabanya inguvu no guca intege Ingoma ya Ottoman: ukugumuka kw'Abarabu kwari gushigikiwe n'abaharanira inyungu z'Abarabu, kugafatwa kandi mu mugongo mu vya gisirikare n'ibihugu vyari kumwe n'Ubwongereza ('Alliés').

Ukugumuka kw'Abarabu

Imbere y'uko Intambara ya mbere y'isi itangura, abanyapolitike n'incabwenge batari bake bo mu ntara z'Abarabu zari zigize Ingoma ya Ottoman, bari bizeye ko umugambwe witwa 'Union et Progrès' umaze gufata ubutegetsi, igihugu cosubira kurongorwa hakurikijwe ibwirizwa nshingiro kandi ko inama nshingamateka yociye ikomezwa, ivyo bikaba vyotumye Abarabu barushiriza kugira ijambo mu gihugu.

Ariko rero, imigenderanire hagati y'abategetsi bashasha ba Ottoman n'igice c'indongozi z'Abarabu ntiyatevye gusubira inyuma. Umwanditsi w'Umunyalibani Asad Khalil Dagher avuga ko ivyo vyatewe na politike yitwa 'turquisation' yo gushira imbere ururimi n'imico vyo muri Turukiya, yakurikizwa n'abari barongoye umugambwe Union et Progrès, aho baha agaciro cane Abaturukiya gusumba ayandi moko yari agize Ingoma ya Ottoman.

Mu gihe c'intambara, ayo matati yarushirije kwiyongera. Muri Siriya, incabwenge zaharanira inyungu z'Abarabu zitari nke zarishwe mu 1915 no mu 1916, zagirizwa gukorana n'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa, ivyo abari babashigikiye bahakana.

Muri ico gihe nyene, bamwe mu ndongozi z'Abarabu baciye batangura kugirana imigenderanire n'ibihugu vyari kumwe n'Ubwongereza (Alliés). Uwo mubano watangujwe n'ukwandikirana hagati ya Sherif Hussein, umwami wa La Mecque, na Henry McMahon, yari Komiseri mukuru w'Ubwongereza muri Misiri.

Muri ayo makete, Ubwongereza bwerekanye ko bushobora kwemera ko Abarabu bikukira, mu gihe bofasha kwirukana Abanya Ottoman mu ntara z'Abarabu.

Nk'uko vyari muri ayo makete, igihugu c'Abarabu kirongowe na Sherif Hussein categerezwa kuba kigizwe n'igice kinini c'uturere tw'Abarabu two muri Aziya, kiretse uturere tumwe tumwe twa Iraki, utwo mu bumanuko bwa Yemeni hamwe n'ibice vya Siriya, aho ikibazo c'ingene twotwarwa cari kikigoye kubera Ubufaransa bwasa n'ubutwiyitirira.

Muri Ruheshi (6)1916, imigumuko y'Abarabu yaradutse mu karere ka Hedjaz. Ingabo zari zishigikiye Sherif Hussein, zirongowe cane cane n'abahungu biwe Abdallah na Fayçal, zaratanye mu mitwe n'ingabo z'ingoma ya Ottoman.

Abagumutse bararonse ubufasha bukomeye bw'Ubwongereza, cane cane bafashijwe n'umusirikare w'intwazangabo Thomas Edward Lawrence, yamenyekanye cane kw'izina rya Lawrence wo muri Arabiya.

Lawrence yajanye n'ingabo z'Abarabu mu bikorwa vya gisirikare bitandukanye vyabashikanye i Aqaba, hanyuma baja i Damasi, inyuma y'imyaka hafi ibiri y'intambara.

Ku wa 1 Gitugutu (10)1918, umutegetsi Fayçal yinjiye i Damasi inyuma y'uko ingabo z'Ubwongereza n'iz'Abarabu zitsinze iza Ottoman. Ivyo vyatumye Abarabu benshi baharanira inyungu z'abenegihugu bagira icizere c'uko amaherezo hagiye kuvuka igihugu kinini c'Abarabu cigenga.

Yamara, ivyo Ubwongereza bwari bwarasezeraniye Sherif Hussein ntivyari bihuye n'ayandi masezerano ya diplomasi Londre yari yaragiranye n'abandi. Iryo tandukaniro ryatumye umugambi wo gushinga igihugu kinini c'Abarabu utazoshoboka.

Amasezerano 'Sykes-Picot'

Imbere y'intambara ya mbere y'isi, akarere k'Ubuseruko bwo Hagati kari gasanzwe ari ahantu ibihugu bikomeye vy'abakoloni, cane cane Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa n'Uburusiya, binyinyuranira kubera inyungu zavyo no kurondera kuhagira ijambo.

N'ubwo hari ukutumvikana hagati yavyo kuri zimwe mu ngingo, abategetsi ba Londre na Paris rimwe rimwe barafatanya kugira babuze Uburusiya kwagura ububasha bwabwo mu turere tw'Ingoma ya Ottoman, yari yarahawe akazina k' "umurwayi w'i Buraya" kubera ko yari imaze gucika intege.

Inyuma y'aho Ingoma ya Ottoman yinjiriye mu ntambara iri kumwe n'Ubudagi hamwe n'Ingoma ya Autriche-Hongrie, bamwe mu bategetsi b'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa batanguye kwiyumvira ukuntu bogabura intara z'Abarabu zari zigize iyo ngoma hamwe ivyo bihugu n'abo bicuditse (Alliés) vyotsinda intambara.

Mu 1916, mu gihe ibihugu 'Alliés' bitari bwashobore gutsinda Ingoma ya Ottoman, Ubwongereza bwari bumaze kuburizamwo igitero cari cagabwe ku muhora wa Suez. Ariko kandi, bwari bwatsindiwe bikomeye ku rugamba rwa Dardanelles (Gallipoli) buranatakaza abasirikare benshi muri Mezopotamiya.

N'ubwo intambara yari ikibandanya, Londre na Paris baciye batangura ibiganiro vy'ibanga ku bijanye n'ingene uturere twa Ottoman twari gutwarwa inyuma y'intambara.

Ubufaransa bwari buhagarariwe n'umu 'dipolomate' François-Georges Picot, mu gihe umurwi w'Ubwongereza wari urongowe na Sir Mark Sykes.

Mu gitabu ciwe The First World War in the Middle East ("Intambara ya mbere y'isi mu Buseruko bwo Hagati"), umuhinga mu vya kahise Kristian Coates Ulrichsen avuga ko ivyo biganiro vy'ibanga vyariko biraba muri ico gihe nyene Sherif Hussein yariko yandikirana na Henry McMahon.

Inyuma y'amezi menshi, muri Rusama (5) 1916, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa vyarashitse ku masezerano y'ibanga yamenyekanye kw'izina ry' "Amasezerano ya Sykes-Picot".

Ayo masezerano yategekanya kugabura intara z'Abarabu zari zigize Ingoma ya Ottoman. ibice bimwe vyari kugenzurwa n'Ubwongereza canke Ubufaransa, canke ivyo bihugu vyompi bikahagira ijambo.

Ubwongereza bwari kugenzura ata wandya wangura ubumanuko bwa Mezopotamiya, harimwo uturere twa Bassora na Bagdad, kandi bukagira n'ijambo rikomeye mu karere kanini kashika muri Palesitina no muri Transjordaniya.

Ubufaransa bwo bwari kuyobora ata wubugora inkengera za Siriya na Libani, kandi bukagira n'ububasha mu bice vyo hagati vya Siriya hamwe no mu karere ka Mossoul.

Ivyo bihugu bibiri vyaranumvikanye ko Palesitina yohabwa Ubwongereza ngo buyibere umuhagarikizi. Ariko rero, iyo ngingo ntiyatevye guhungabanywa n'irindi sezerano ry'Ubwongereza ryaje rikurikira: Itangazo rya Balfour (déclaration Balfour).

Itangazo rya Balfour n'ingaruka ryagize ku Buseruko bwo Hagati

I Yeruzalemu, hari ibarabara muri iki gihe ryitiriwe Balfour. Ku Bisirayeli bamwe, iryo zina ribibutsa kimwe mu bihe bikomeye vyaranze kahise k'igihugu cabo. Ariko ku Banyapalestina benshi, risobanura intango y'akarenganyo gakomeye kabaye muri kahise.

Iryo barabara ryitiriwe Arthur James Balfour, yari Umushikiranganji w'imigenderanire w'Ubwongereza akaba n'umwanditsi w'itangazo rya Balfour ryasohowe ku wa 2 Munyonyo (11) 1917.

Mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 19, hari umuhari w'Aba 'sioniste' wahamagarira Abayahudi baburabuzwa i Buraya, cane cane mu ngoma y'Uburusiya, kwubaka igihugu cabo.

Palestina si yo yonyene uwo mugambi werekezwako. Harizwe n'iyindi migambi, harimwo uwo muri Argentine canke muri Afrika y'Ubuseruko yagenzurwa n'Ubwongereza (bita "umugambi wa Uganda"). Ariko uko igihe cagenda cigira imbere, ni ko Palestina yahavuye igaragara nk'iyifise ivya nkenerwa vyose - harimwo kahise kayo mu bijanye n'idini hagaragaramwo n'abayahudi - gurtyo iba ari yo ishirwa imbere kugira hashingwe igihugu abayahudi bashobora kubamwo.

Kuva mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 19, igitigiri c'Abayahudi bagiye bimukira muri Palestina cagumye ciyongera buhorobuhoro, n'ubwo ubutegetsi bw'ingoma ya Ottoman bwari bwarashizeho amategeko akaze yerekeye ukuronka ubutaka.

Ariko ikibazo gikomeye cari kihari kwari uko Palestina yari isanzwe ibamwo Abarabu benshi kuruta ayandi moko.

Mu 1914, Palestina yari ifise abanyagihugu bagera ku 700.000. Muri bo, hafi ibice 85 kw'ijana bari Abarabu, mu gihe Abayahudi bari hagati y'ibice 12 na 13 kw'ijana.

N'imbere y'uko intambara ya mbere y'isi itangura, incabwenge n'indongozi nyinshi z'Abarabu zari zaragabishije ku ngaruka za politike zishobora guterwa n'uko Abayahudi baguma bimukira muri Palestina ari benshi.

Ku wa 2 Munyonyo (11) 1917, mu gihe ingabo z'Ubwongereza zariko zerekeza muri Palestina, Arthur Balfour yarandikiye ikete Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild, umwe mu ndongozi zikomeye z'umuryango w'Abayahudi bo mu Bwongereza.

Muri iryo kete, ryamenyekanye nk'itangazo rya Balfour, reta y'Ubwongereza yavuze ko ishigikiye ishingwa muri Palestina ry'"igihugu c'Abayahudi", ariko ishimika ko ivyo bitotuma uburenganzira mu mibano no mu vy'idini bw'abatari Abayahudi baba muri ico gihugu buhungabana.

Ubuseruko bwo Hagati bushasha inyuma y'intambara ya mbere y'isi

Ku wa 11 Munyonyo (11) 1918, isaha zitanu z'umuhingamo, amasezerano yo guhagarika intambara yatumye intambara yariko ibera ku ruhande rw'Uburengero ihagarara. Ibihugu vyari bihurikiye mu murwi 'Alliés' vyaratsinze iyo ntambara, mu gihe ingoma y'Ubudagi, iya Autriche-Hongrie, iya Ottoman hamwe n'ingoma y'Uburusiya zari zamaze gusenyuka canke ziriko zirahera.

Iyi ntambara yarahinduye cane akarere k'Ubuseruko bwo Hagati. Intambara zidahera, kwimuka kw'abanyagihugu, indwara z'ivyaduka n'inzara, vyatumye abantu ibihumbi amajana bapfa. Muri Libani, inzara ikomeye yateye hagati ya 1915 na 1918 bivugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera hafi ku 200.000.

Ibihugu vyariko birarwana vyaranakoresheje ibihumbi amajana vy'abagabo bakomoka mu Buseruko bwo Hagati no muri Afrika ya Ruguru.

Abasirikare hafi 300.000 bakomoka muri Algeria, Maroc na Tunisia bararwanye ku ruhande rw'ingabo z'Ubufaransa, kandi abarenga 30.000 muri bo barapfuye.

Mu ngoma ya Ottoman, ukuba umusirikare vyabaye itegeko, mu gihe muri Misiri abagabo ibihumbi amajana binjijwe mu gisirikare citwa Egyptian Labour Corps kugira bafashe mu gutwara ibikoresho no kwubaka ibikorwa vya gisirikare.

Mu 1919, ibihugu vyatsinze intambara vyakoraniye i Paris kugira bishireho uburyo bushasha bwo gutunganya isi mu vya politike n'imibano mpuzamakungu.

Iyo nama yarihweje cane ibijanye no gushinga Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry'ibihugu (Société des Nations), amafaranga y'indishi Ubudagi bwategetswe gutanga, gusambura Ingoma ya Autriche-Hongrie, hamwe na kazoza k'ingoma ya Ottoman.

Ingingo y'uburenganzira bw'abanyagihugu bwo kwihitiramwo bo nyene ubwabo, yashigikiwe na Perezida wa Amerika Woodrow Wilson, na yo nyene yari mu vyaganiriweko, n'ubwo yashizwe mu ngiro ku rugero rutoyi.

Ukugabura Ingoma ya Ottoman n'ivuka ry'Ubuseruko bwo Hagati bw'ubu

Ibihugu bikomeye vyafashe ingingo y'uko ivyerekeye intara z'Abarabu zari zigize Ingoma ya Ottoman bizotorerwa inyishu mu nama zizokurikira, harimwo inama yabereye i San Remo mu 1920, ikaba yari ihagarariwe n'Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry'ibihugu (Société des Nations).

Inyuma y'ayo masezerano, Ingoma ya Ottoman yaciye itangura gusenyuka buhorobuhoro. Mu 1923, haciye hashingwa Repubulika ya Turukiya yari irongowe na Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Intsinzi za Mustafa mu vya gisirikare ku ngabo z'Ubugiriki, iz'Ubufaransa n'Arumeniya zarafashije gushiraho imbibe z'igihugu gishasha.

Intara nka zose z'Abarabu zari zigize Ingoma ya Ottoman ya kera zaciye zihabwa ibihugu vy'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa ngo bizibere abahagarikizi.

Muri Siriya, ingabo z'Ubufaransa zari zirongowe na jenerare Henri Gouraud zinjiye i Damasi muri Mukakaro (7) 1920 inyuma y'intambara ya Maysaloun, bituma ubwami bw'Abarabu bwa Fayçal buhera.

Muri uwo mwaka nyene, Ubufaransa bwaratangaje ishingwa rya Libani nkuru (Grand Liban), yari igizwe n'umusozi wa Libani, Beirut, Tripoli, Saïda hamwe n'utundi turere twinshi.

Muri Iraki, Ubwongereza bwashize Fayçal ben Hussein ku ngoma mu 1921. Ubwami bwa Iraki bwashinzwe hashingiwe ku ntara za kera za Ottoman za Bassora, Bagdad na Mossoul. Londre yaranse kandi ivyo Abakurdi basaba vyo gushinga igihugu cabo cigenga. Ingoma y'umuryango wa Hachémite yagumye ku butegetsi gushika ku mpinduka zo mu 1958.

Mu mwaka wa 1921 nyene, Ubwongereza bwashize Abdullah ben Hussein ku butegetsi bw'ubwami bwa Transjordaniya, bwahavuye buhinduka Ubwami bwa Hachémite bwa Yorodaniya.

Palestina yahawe Ubwongereza ngo buyibere umuhagarikizi. Iyi ntwaro y'Ubwongereza yarorohereje cane ukwimukira kw'Abayahudi bagiye berekeza muri ico gihugu mu kiringo c'imyaka myinshi, imbere y'uko Londre igerageza kubigabanya mu mpera za 1930.

Inyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'indyane hagati y'Abarabu, Abayahudi n'abategetsi b'Ubwongereza, Ubwongereza bwahavuye burekura Palestina. Mu 1948, hatangajwe igihugu ca Israel, bituma haduka intambara ya mbere hagati ya Israel n'Abarabu. Abanyapalestina bita ico gihe Nakba ("ivyago").

Igice kinini c'imbibe z'Ubuseruko bwo Hagati bw'ubu cavuye ku masezerano yagizwe mu gihe c'Intambara ya mbere y'isi n'inyuma yayo. Haraciye imyaka irenga ijana, ariko izo ngingo ziracafise uruhara rukomeye mu vya politike mpuzamakungu no mu ntambara zo muri ako karere.