Pathogens are disease-causing viruses, bacteria, fungi or protists, which can infect animals and plants. Humans have an immune system, which can defend them from pathogens.

Some diseases can be treated with antibiotics. Vaccinations allow protection against specific diseases, but the level of protection depends on the amount of people vaccinated.

Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of one type of antibody.

Pathogens are disease-causing viruses, bacteria, fungi or protists which attack plants as well as animals. Plants have physical and chemical defences against pathogens.

Understanding how to approach exam questions helps to boost exam performance. Question types will include multiple choice, structured, mathematical and practical questions.